Traditional thermoset composites were difficult to remodel and recycle after curing, which significantly increased the cost of composites. In response to these difficulties, the booming development of bond exchange reactive resins have provided a new direction for composites. Traditional composites were vulnerable to damage under low-velocity impact loading, which led to the failure of the overall structure, however, the research on the impact damage of recyclable resins was still insufficient. In order to investigate the damage form of recyclable epoxy resin matrix composites under impact loading, a macroscopic low-velocity impact (LVI) and compression-after-impact (CAI) model based on ABAQUS/Explicit considering the interaction between matrix and fiber damage in composites was established. The paper adopted a multi-scale simulation framework, focusing on the influence of matrix elastic parameters on the structure, and predicted the effective elastic parameters of the matrix composite by constructing a preliminary microscopic representative volume element model. Subsequently, the complex damage modes of laminates at various impact energies and the damage failure mechanism after compression were investigated.