Published in

American Astronomical Society, Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2(942), p. L40, 2023

DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acad81

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Timing Analysis of the 2022 Outburst of the Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658: Hints of an Orbital Shrinking

This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Red circle
Preprint: archiving forbidden
Red circle
Postprint: archiving forbidden
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Published version: archiving allowed
Data provided by SHERPA/RoMEO

Abstract

Abstract We present a pulse timing analysis of NICER observations of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4−3658 during the outburst that started on 2022 August 19. Similar to previous outbursts, after decaying from a peak luminosity of ≃1 × 1036 erg s−1 in about a week, the pulsar entered a ∼1 month long reflaring stage. Comparison of the average pulsar spin frequency during the outburst with those previously measured confirmed the long-term spin derivative of ν ̇ SD = − ( 1.15 ± 0.06 ) × 10 − 15 Hz s−1, compatible with the spin-down torque of a ≈1026 G cm3 rotating magnetic dipole. For the first time in the last twenty years, the orbital phase evolution shows evidence for a decrease of the orbital period. The long-term behavior of the orbit is dominated by an ∼11 s modulation of the orbital phase epoch consistent with a ∼21 yr period. We discuss the observed evolution in terms of a coupling between the orbit and variations in the mass quadrupole of the companion star.