BackgroundsProficient-mismatch-repair or microsatellite stability (pMMR/MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) has limited efficacy for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2) is a member of the GTPase family and is crucial to host immunity against pathogens. However, the correlations between GBP2 and immunosurveillance and immunotherapy for pMMR/MSS CRC have not been reported.MethodsUnsupervised clustering was employed to classify immune class and non-immune class in 1424 pMMR/MSS patients from six independent public datasets. This binary classification was validated using immune cells or response related signatures. The correlation between GBP2 and immune microenvironment was explored using well-established biological algorithms, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), in vitro and in vivo experiments.ResultsWe classified 1424 pMMR/MSS CRC patients into two classes, ‘immune’ and ‘non-immune’, and GBP2 was identified as a gene of interest. We found that lower GBP2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis and metastasis. GBP2 expression was also upregulated in the immune class and highly associated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling pathway and CD8 +T cell infiltration using gene set enrichment analysis, gene ontology analysis, single-cell sequencing and mIHC. Moreover, reduced GBP2 expression inhibited the antigen processing and presentation machinery and CXCL10/11 expression in MSS CRC cells on IFN-γ stimulation. A Transwell assay revealed that deletion of GBP2 in murine MSS CRC cells reduced CD8 +T cell migration. Mechanistically, GBP2 promoted signal transducer and transcription activator 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation by competing with SHP1 for binding to STAT1 in MSS CRC cells. Finally, an unsupervised subclass mapping (SubMap) algorithm showed that pMMR/MSS patients with high GBP2 expression may correlate with a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy. We further confirmed that GBP2 knockout reduced CD8 +T cell infiltration and blunted the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in tumor-bearing mice.ConclusionsOur study reveals that pMMR/MSS CRC is immunogenically heterogeneous and that GBP2 is a promising target for combinatorial therapy with ICB.