AbstractUnderstanding the underlying genetic bases of yield‐related selection and distinguishing these changes from genetic drift are critical for both improved understanding and future success of plant breeding. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a key species for world food security, yet knowledge of the mechanism of selective breeding in soybean, such as the century‐long program of artificial selection in U.S. soybean germplasm, is currently limited to certain genes and loci. Here, we identify genome‐wide signatures of selection in separate populations of soybean subjected to artificial selection for increased yield by multiple breeding programs in the United States. We compared the alternative soybean breeding population (AGP) created by USDA‐ARS to the conventional public soybean lines (CGP) developed at three different stages of breeding (ancestral, intermediate, and elite) to identify shared signatures of selection and differentiate these from drift. The results showed a strong selection for specific haplotypes identified by single site frequency and haplotype homozygosity methods. A set of common selection signatures was identified in both AGP and CGP that supports the hypothesis that separate breeding programs within similar environments coalesce on the fixation of the same key haplotypes. Signatures unique to each breeding program were observed. These results raise the possibility that selection analysis can allow the identification of favorable alleles to enhance directed breeding approaches.