AbstractPatient‐derived organoids (PDOs) developed ex vivo and in vitro are increasingly used for therapeutic screening. They provide a more physiologically relevant model for drug discovery and development compared to traditional cell lines. However, several challenges remain to be addressed to fully realize the potential of PDOs in therapeutic screening. In this paper, we summarize recent advancements in PDO development and the enhancement of PDO culture models. This is achieved by leveraging material engineering and microfabrication technologies, including organs‐on‐a‐chip and droplet microfluidics. Additionally, we discuss the application of PDOs in therapy screening to meet diverse requirements and overcome bottlenecks in cancer treatment. Furthermore, we introduce tools for data processing and analysis of organoids, along with their microenvironment. These tools aim to achieve enhanced readouts. Finally, we explore the challenges and future perspectives of using PDOs in drug development and personalized screening for cancer patients.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved