Abstract Objectives To assess the agreement between pharmaceutical claims data and patient-reported medication use after stroke. Methods Claims data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme were used to estimate medication use for a subset of participants registered in the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry in 2016. Estimates on medication use were validated against patient-reported responses (considered the reference standard). Key findings For antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, the sensitivity of claims data was excellent (85–87%) and the specificity was good (73–78%). Whereas for antithrombotic medications, sensitivity was modest (61%), but specificity was excellent (85%). Conclusions Pharmaceutical claims data can be used to infer medication use after stroke with mostly good to excellent sensitivity and specificity compared with the patient report.