Research on bryophyte biology has made exciting advances during the last 10 to 15 years since the publications of Goffinet & Shaw (2008) and Frey & Stech (2009) that summarized the knowledge of the field. New fossils provided insights into past bryophyte diversity and integrative taxonomic approaches combine the ever increasing molecular data with thorough assessments of morphology and anatomy. Patterns of speciation, diversity at population level and geographic distributions are becoming better understood, and the interactions of bryophytes with their biotic and abiotic environment are increasingly being revealed. Nevertheless, important knowledge gaps remain, and anthropogenic threats such as habitat alterations and global climate change on bryophyte diversity increase the urgency of further research.