Ephedra strongylensis, a new species from the islands of Stromboli and Strombolicchio (Aeolian Archipelago, Sicily), is described and illustrated. It is morphologically well differentiated from the other species occurring in the Mediterranean territories, showing some relationships especially with Ephedra aurea, chiefly for the articles scabrous-wrinkled and not fragile at the nodes. However, significant features distinguish the new species from the latter, chiefly regarding the size and shape of twigs, leaves, male and female cones, ovules, seeds, fruiting strobili and pollen grains. Its ecology, conservation status and taxonomic considerations with other allied Mediterranean species are provided too.