Social Impact StatementThe exchange of plant material and data is essential for supporting collaborative research efforts to address global challenges. In order to promote collaboration between Plant Genetic Resource (PGR) organizations in conservation research and development and to improve the sustainable utilization of PGRs, constraints to plant material and data exchange must be addressed. This can only be achieved through the introduction of policy measures that will build trust among institutions and encourage facilitated plant material exchange, equitable benefit sharing, and compliance with Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) instruments. The resulting improvements in the conservation and sustainable utilization of PGRs will improve food security, public health, livelihoods, sustainable development, and ecological sustainability.Summary The aim of this study was to assess the extent of plant material exchange between European and African Plant Genetic Resource (PGR) organizations for research and development. Data were collected from Index Seminum databases and through a survey questionnaire. They were statistically analyzed using a chi‐square test and Spearman correlation coefficient using SPSS, version 25. The study indicated that the extent of plant material exchange between African and European PGR organizations for research and development is insignificant compared with the exchange between European institutions. Plant material exchange usually included benefit sharing, and the most commonly shared benefits were knowledge transfer, participation in research, access to research results, and joint authorship of publications. Many of the respondents were not very familiar with Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) principles and regulations. The major constraints to plant material exchange were found to be cumbersome bureaucratic procedures, poor knowledge of compliance requirements, lack of national ABS regulations, poor quality of data associated with collections, and lack of tracking mechanisms. The low level of plant material exchange between African and European institutions is also most probably due to limited human and technological capacity in African institutions that restrict their involvement in research and development. Therefore, there is a need to build trust and to increase human and technological capacities for research in African institutions to strengthen collaboration by ensuring facilitated exchange and equitable benefit sharing.