Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an emerging thermoplastic polymer with good mechanical properties and an elastic modulus similar to that of alveolar bone. PEEK dental prostheses for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems on the market often have additives of titanium dioxide (TiO2) to strengthen their mechanical properties. However, the effects of combining aging, simulating a long-term intraoral environment, and TiO2 content on the fracture characteristics of PEEK dental prostheses have rarely been investigated. In this study, two types of commercially available PEEK blocks, containing 20% and 30% TiO2, were used to fabricate dental crowns by CAD/CAM systems and were aged for 5 and 10 h based on the ISO 13356 specifications. The compressive fracture load values of PEEK dental crowns were measured using a universal test machine. The morphology and crystallinity of the fracture surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and an X-ray diffractometer, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test (α = 0.05). Results showed no significant difference in the fracture load value of the test PEEK crowns with 20% and 30% TiO2 after 5 or 10 h of aging treatment; all test PEEK crowns have satisfactory fracture properties for clinical applications. Fracture surface analysis revealed that all test crowns fractured from the lingual side of the occlusal surface, with the fracture extending along the lingual sulcus to the lingual edge, showing a feather shape at the middle part of the fracture extension path and a coral shape at the end of the fracture. Crystalline analysis showed that PEEK crowns, regardless of aging time and TiO2 content, remained predominantly PEEK matrix and rutile phase TiO2. We would conclude that adding 20% or 30% TiO2 to PEEK crowns may have been sufficient to improve the fracture properties of PEEK crowns after 5 or 10 h of aging. Aging times below 10 h may still be safe for reducing the fracture properties of TiO2-containing PEEK crowns.