Abstract Study Objectives To examine the trajectories of sleep disturbance in cancer survivors during the first 2 years post-treatment and to investigate whether psychological, cognitive, and physical factors differentiate trajectories. Methods A total of 623 Chinese cancer survivors of diverse cancer types participated in a 2-year-long prospective study after the completion of cancer treatment. Sleep disturbance was measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at 3 (T2), 6 (T3), 12 (T4), 18 (T5), and 24 (T6) months after baseline (within 6-months post-treatment; T1). Latent growth mixture modeling identified distinctive sleep disturbance trajectories and tested if these longitudinal patterns were predicted by baseline psychological distress, attentional control, attentional bias and physical symptom distress and T2 cancer-related distress. Fully adjusted multinomial logistic regression then identified whether these factors differentiated trajectories. Results Two distinct sleep disturbance trajectories were identified, namely stable good sleepers (69.7%) and persistent high sleep disturbance (30.3%). Compared to those in the stable good sleep group, patients in the persistent high sleep disturbance group were less likely to report avoidant (OR=0.49, 95% CI = 0.26–0.90), while more likely to report intrusive thoughts (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.06–2.92) and cancer-related hyperarousal (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.78–6.38). Higher depression scores also predicted persistent high sleep disturbance group membership (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03–1.25). Attentional bias, attentional control, anxiety, and physical symptom distress did not predict sleep trajectory membership. Conclusions One in three cancer survivors experienced persistent high sleep disturbance. Screening and managing depressive symptoms and cancer-related distress in early cancer rehabilitation may reduce risk of persistent sleep disturbance among cancer survivors.