The society enjoys a lot of medicinal plants due to their easy access and also due to the effectiveness of their use, currently, the popular use of these plants has been awakening the pharmaco-chemical study of their properties. Brazil with its great biodiversity worldwide, has an endemic biome, the Caatinga has a great diversity of plants with medicinal properties. The present work aimed to unite plants of the Caesalpinia genus with medicinal properties, through a literature review. The research was carried out on the electronic databases Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scielo using the following descriptors: “Plantas Medicinais”, medicinal plants, gênero Caesalpinia, Caesalpinia genus , fitoterápicos, herbal medicines, Caatinga. In total, 142 articles were found, of which 44 were included, with the characteristics of being plants with medicinal properties of the Caesalpinia genus in the Caatinga biome. After surveying the works found, it was possible to identify the following species, Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul, Caesalpinia Ferrea Mart. Caesalpinia bracteosa Tul, found in the Caatinga biome. Each studied species had particular characteristics, having in common some anti-inflammatory properties, are studied by some researchers and are effective in their popular use.