The article proposes a methodology for analyzing the performance of S-lidars (S comes from Scheimpflug) as a new class of environmental remote sensors operating under conditions of wide variability of optical weather and sky background brightness. The novelty of the problem statement, the methods used and the results obtained are determined by their application to laser sensing systems with unconventional design principles and the consequent need to revise the traditional ways of assessing their potential capabilities. The research method is based on a dimensionless-parametric approach, which allows comparing phenomena and systems of different scales and combining complementary characteristics and parameters. Effects of the dimensionless optical weather factor on lidar potential are shown being investigated under various environmental conditions, from the clear atmosphere through haze and mist to fog when probing in Vis/SWIR spectral bands and using Si/InGaAs detector arrays. It is shown exactly how and to what extent the significant differences in their spectral sensitivity and internal noise parameters are susceptible to the wide spectral and energy variability of the sky background brightness observed at very different angles to the Sun. A detailed analysis of the two most important influencing factors within the system, “S-Lidar instrument + Optical weather + External background source”, taking into account their wide variability, allowed us to describe their joint nonlinear influence and, thus, to anticipate the imposed limitations. The proposed dimensionless-parametric concept for predicting the potential capabilities of S-lidars with Si/InGaAs arrays is aimed at expanding applications of this rapidly developing class of remote sensors in a wide variety of environments.