<b><i>Objective:</i></b> We aimed to evaluate the difference between computed tomography (CT)-based and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)-based assessment of sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We enrolled a total of 257 patients who were evaluated with or without sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was defined as a low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) with low muscular strength by the Japan Society of Hepatology. To evaluate whether or not the different methods influence the diagnosis of sarcopenia for patients with CLD, we assessed the number and characteristics of mismatches between the low SMI using BIA and CT. We also compared the overall survival (OS) in patients with and without sarcopenia based on CT and BIA to evaluate the appropriate methods. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The numbers of patients with low SMI using BIA or CT were 53 (20.6%) and 114 (44.3%) patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that hepatic ascites and body weight were independent factors of mismatch between SMI using BIA versus CT (hazard ratio [HR] 3.232, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001; HR 2.347, <i>p</i> = 0.005, respectively). The median OS in patients with sarcopenia based on CT was significantly lower than that in patients without sarcopenia (<i>p</i> = 0.006). In contrast, there was no difference between patients with sarcopenia based on BIA (<i>p</i> = 0.217). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Muscle mass in patients with CLD may be overestimated by the BIA method compared to CT when assessing sarcopenia, especially in cases of fluid retention.