Peperomia Ruiz and Pav, the second largest genus of the Piperaceae, has over the years shown potential biological activities. In this sense, the present work aimed to carry out a seasonal and circadian study on the chemical composition of Peperomia circinata essential oils and aromas, as well as to evaluate the preliminary toxicity in Artemia salina Leach and carry out an in silico study on the interaction mechanism. The chemical composition was characterized by gas chromatography (GC/MS and GC-FID). In the seasonal study the essential oil yields had a variation of 1.2–7.9%, and in the circadian study the variation was 1.5–5.6%. The major compounds in the seasonal study were β-phellandrene and elemicin, in the circadian they were β-phellandrene and myrcene, and the aroma was characterized by the presence of β-phellandrene. The multivariate analysis showed that the period and time of collection influenced the essential oil and aroma chemical composition. The highest toxicity value was observed for the essential oil obtained from the dry material, collected in July with a value of 14.45 ± 0.25 μg·mL−1, the in silico study showed that the major compounds may be related to potential biological activity demonstrated by the present study.