Tailing incorporation into mortars has been the subject of much research in recent years. Despite this, most of these studies did not investigate the harmful effects resulting from the exposure of such mortars to an environment containing aggressive agents. This work investigated the effects of perlite tailing addition into mortars containing cement CP V-ARI MAX and hydrated lime. The raw materials were subjected to chemical characterization (X-ray fluorescence (XRF)) and mineralogical (X-ray diffraction (XRD)), while the samples immersed in 1 N NaOH solution were characterized by XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and compression strength (CS). The results showed the harmful effects of incorporating perlite tailings into the mortar investigated. Such a degradation was proven by linear expansion and compressive strength experiments accomplished in the samples after the test of resistance to an alkali–silicate reaction.