National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 6(118), 2021
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Significance We report an intersubunit interaction within the coronavirus replication–transcription complex that is critical for replication and evolutionarily conserved. We provide evidence that the nsp12-associated NiRAN domain has nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) transferase activity in trans and identified nsp9, an RNA-binding protein, as its target. NiRAN catalyzes the covalent attachment of an NMP moiety to the conserved nsp9 amino terminus in a reaction dependent on Mn 2+ ions and an adjacent conserved Asn residue. NiRAN activity and nsp9 NMPylation were found to be essential for coronavirus replication. The data lead us to connect this activity of a nidovirus enzymatic marker with previous observations within a functionally and evolutionarily coherent hypothesis on the initiation of RNA synthesis in a class of RNA viruses.