Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Processo FAPESP: 05/02744-0 ; Processo FAPESP: 05/03273-1 ; Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to better understand alterations in renal metabolism induced by fluoride (F). Three groups of weanling male Wistar rats were treated with drinking water containing 0 (control), 5, or 50 ppm F for 60 days (n=6/group). Kidneys were collected for proteomic and histological (HE) analysis. After protein isolation, renal proteome profiles were examined using 2-DE and Colloidal Coomassie Blue staining. Protein spots with a 2-fold significant difference as detected by quantitative intensity analysis (image Master Platinum software) and t-test (p