ABSTRACT Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Fabaceae) is a native tree of the dry tropical forests of northeastern Brazil and can be exploited for logging and reforestation purposes. This study evaluated the physiological quality of seeds and the genetic diversity of a cultivated population of M. caesalpiniifolia, against the background of potential commercial seed production. Nine trees were used in the study. The quality of their seeds was evaluated by germination and vigour tests, and their genetic diversity was accessed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). The studied tree group presents a moderate genetic diversity and produces seeds with high physiological quality, but with subtle vigour differences, which can be detected by electrical conductivity and potassium leaching tests. Our results suggest that these trees are potentially suitable for commercial seed production.