AbstractAtopic dermatitis is a chronic eczema commonly observed among children in Western countries. The gut microbiota is a significant factor in the pathogenesis, and ways to promote intestinal colonizers with anti-inflammatory capabilities are therefore favorable. The present study addressed the effects of a prebiotic, xylooligosaccharide (XOS), on the gut microbiota and ear inflammation in an oxazolone-induced dermatitis model in BALB/c mice. Mice were fed a XOS supplemented or a control diet throughout the experiment. Ear thickness and clinical skin inflammation were scored blindly after three weeks topical challenge with 0.4% oxazolone. The mice were divided into high and low responders to oxazolone-induced dermatitis based on clinical inflammation and histological evaluation of ear biopsies, and significantly fewer high responders were present in the XOS fed group. In addition, XOS fed mice had higher abundance of Prevotella spp. in their gut microbiota compared to the control fed mice. Serum IgE and ear tissue cytokine levels correlated significantly with the clinical scores, and with the abundance of Prevotella spp. The strong association between the low-responding phenotype and high abundance of Prevotella spp., indicates an alleviating effect of this intestinal colonizer in allergic sensitization. Prevotella should be considered as a relevant target for future microbiota-directed treatment strategies in atopic patients.