Aim: To identify the profile of Brazilian doctors and the prevalence of mental suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, exploratory quantitative study, performed between April and May 2020, using a sociodemographic questionnaire and a specific tool for tracking non-psychotic mental disorders: the Self Report Questionnaire. Results: Participant profile: women (68.1%), between 31 and 40 years old (39.9%), married or with partners (59.9%), without children (53.3%), with up to five years of graduation (30.9%), and working in public service (40.7%). The doctors (49.79%) show strong signs of mental suffering, with impaired sleep, headache, and psychotropic drug use. Many of them feel easily tired and have difficulty in satisfactorily carrying out daily activities. Many are tense, nervous or worried (77.4%); feel sad and are crying more than usual. Among them, 34.8% are losing interest in things, 14.6% feel they are useless, and 4.3% have suicidal thoughts. Conclusions: Almost half of the Brazilian doctors (49.79%) show strong signs of mental suffering, with a level of tension, nervousness and worry that affects more than half of the professionals. Ongoing programs for the prevention of mental disorders and suicide during and after the COVID-19 pandemic are required.