Abstract Introduction. Premature ovarian failure (POF) can occur naturally at an early age or be due to iatrogenic agents. Indeed, ovaries are very sensitive to cytotoxic treatment, especially to radiation and alkylating agents. Methods. Several options are currently available to preserve fertility in cancer patients and allow them to conceive when they have overcome their disease: embryo cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation, and ovarian tissue cryopreservation. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is the only option available for pre-pubertal girls and women who cannot delay the start of chemotherapy. Findings. Since the first live birth after autotransplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in humans was reported in 2004, orthotopic reimplantation has led to the birth of 13 healthy babies. Restoration of ovarian activity and prognostic factors are evaluated by comparison with 7 cases of fresh ovarian tissue transplantation. We report 13 live births after orthotopic transplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue in cancer patients (n = 8) and in patients treated with high doses of chemotherapy for benign diseases (n = 2) (microscopic polyangiitis, sickle cell anemia). Interpretation. Based on our review, we believe that ovarian cortex cryopreservation, associated or not with cryopreservation of immature oocytes, should be offered before gonadotoxic chemotherapy in all cases where there is a high risk of POF and where emergency IVF is not possible.