AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare whole body composition, generated by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and to evaluate the potential predictive value of the sum of skinfolds (∑SFT) for whole body composition, in preterm infants at term equivalent age. A convenience sample of sixty-five preterm infants with a mean (SD) gestational age of 29 (1.6) weeks was studied at term equivalent age. Fat mass measured by DXA and ADP were compared and the ability of the ∑SFT to predict whole body fat mass was investigated. There was poor agreement between fat mass percentage measured with ADP compared with DXA (limits of agreement: − 4.8% and 13.7%). A previously modeled predictive equation with the ∑SFT as a predictor for absolute fat mass could not be validated. Corrected for confounders, the ∑SFT explained 42% (ADP, p = 0.001) and 75% (DXA, p = 0.001) of the variance in fat mass percentage.Conclusions: The ∑SFT was not able to accurately predict fat mass and ADP and DXA did not show comparable results. It remains to be elucidated whether or not DXA provides more accurate assessment of whole body fat mass than ADP in preterm infants.Trial registration: NTR5311 What is Known:• Diverse methods are used to assess fat mass in preterm infants. What is New:• This study showed that there is poor agreement between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, and skinfold thickness measurements.• Our results affirm the need for consensus guidelines on how to measure fat mass in preterm infants, to improve the assimilation of data from different studies and the implementation of the findings from those studies.