In response to the case of a patient with mesenteric panniculitis (MP) and proliferative disease, we reviewed the literature on their possible association and associations with other neoplasms. MP is a non-specific chronic inflammation of the mesenteric fat, with low prevalence and unknown etiology; patients may be asymptomatic or present predominantly gastrointestinal complaints. The disease can be either primary or secondary to other pathologies, including neoplastic ones. Diagnosis is made via computed tomography (CT) and confirmed by biopsy. Currently, there is no established treatment for MP. The literature contains series of variable sample sizes, case reports, reviews of other published studies, and some series after a 5-year follow-up. Papers tend to be relatively consistent when it comes to prevalence data and clinical manifestations. However, there is still controversy regarding the role that secondary MP could play in a paraneoplastic picture. From the diagnostic point of view, the incorporation and use of positron emission tomography (PET), together with CT, has been helpful for the approach and the diagnostic focus in this field. Nevertheless, its usage and the discrimination cut point between inflammatory pathology and tumor pathology (maximum standard uptake value: SUVmax) are not clearly defined in neoplastic cases.