AbstractBovine trypanosomosis has been spreading in Brazil. In the present study, we evaluated the spatial distribution, prevalence and risk factors of this disease in the state of Goiás, Brazil, and performed both molecular and phylogenetical analyses ofTrypanosoma vivax. A total of 4049 blood samples were collected from cattle for a period of 2 years. The parasitological diagnosis was performed using the Woo method and a questionnaire was administered to the farmers to document risk factors associated with the disease in the herd. Positive samples were DNA sequenced and compared to GenBank codes. The prevalence ofT. vivaxwas 8.84%, occurring on 24 ranches only in dairy cattle and mainly in the central and southern portions of the state. The acquisition of new animals infected withT. vivaxand the administration of exogenous oxytocin to cows using the same syringe and needle were the main associated factors (P≤ 0.05). After an outbreak, milk production decreased by 39.62%. The presence of biting flies (tabanids,Haematobia irritansandStomoxys calcitrans) was not a risk factor (P> 0.05) for the occurrence ofT. vivax. The epidemiological data demonstrate the importance of restricting the practice of auctions as well as eliminating the use of exogenous oxytocin in animals during milking. The samples tested by polymerase chain reaction were positive forT. vivaxand were genetically homologous withT. vivaxfound in different states of Brazil and west Africa based on the 18S rRNA gene.