Background: The number of patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is increasing. We evaluated the practice patterns and outcomes of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Methods: Using a Japanese national inpatient database, we identified 295 patients with EPS who were hospitalized from July 2010 to March 2017. We categorized them into four groups: those who underwent surgery only ( n = 39), those who received corticosteroid treatment only ( n = 70), those who underwent both ( n = 30), and those who underwent neither ( n = 156). We investigated their characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Results: More than half of patients were males and never-smokers and had a normal body mass index. Patients tended to undergo parenteral nutrition for 2 months. The proportions of emergency admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, central venous catheterization, catecholamine use, mechanical ventilation, and continuous hemodiafiltration were significantly different among the four groups (61%, 8.1%, 37.0%, 44.0%, 8.8%, and 5.8%, respectively). The both-treatment group had a significantly longer hospital stay (37.0 vs. 37.5 vs. 72.5 vs. 31.0 days, p < 0.001) and higher costs (US$16,554 vs. US$17,029 vs. US$33,757 vs. US$13,983, p < 0.001) than the other groups. In total, 52 patients (18%) died during hospitalization. There was no significant difference in inhospital complications and death, discharge status, 30-day readmission, or length of ICU stay among the four groups. Conclusions: Our findings provide useful information for clinicians and patients hospitalized for treatment of EPS.