The antibody nanoparticles of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were prepared and their characterization, drug loading ability, and targeting effect were evaluated. In addition, adriamycin-loaded lipid polymer nanoparticles (hereafter referred to as nanoparticles) were synthesized by a double emulsion method and thin film dispersion method and were coupled with PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles to A549 cells was detected in vitro, and the uptake of nanoparticles was detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The tumor model of A549 lung cancer in nude mice was established; the targeting and therapeutic effects of PD-L1 antibody nanoparticles were evaluated by in vivo imaging. The results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles were concentrated in 100–200 nm, and hydrochloric acid was used as the main drug. The encapsulation rate of adriamycin was 60.24%, and the drug loading content was 5.62%. The cell survival rate of the non-drug loaded nanoparticle group was not different from that of the normal group, and the cell survival rates of the 10 μg · mL⁻¹ and 20 μg · mL⁻¹ adriamycin nanoparticle groups were significantly lower than those of the free adriamycin group (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the PD-L1 antibody concentrations of 10 μg·mL⁻¹ and 20 μg·mL⁻¹ of adriamycin were significantly lower than those of the same concentration in the adriamycin group (P < 0.05). The fluorescence intensity of the nanoparticle group was significantly higher than that of the nanoparticle group at the same concentration. Animal experiments showed that the tumor volume of the PD-L1 antibody nanoparticle group was significantly smaller than that of the PBS (phosphate buffer) control group and the free adriamycin group.