Maximum likelihood difference scaling was used to measure suprathreshold contrast response difference scales for low-frequency Gabor patterns, modulated along luminance and L–M color directions in normal, protanomalous, and deuteranomalous observers. Based on a signal-detection model, perceptual scale values, parameterized as d ′ , were estimated by maximum likelihood. The difference scales were well fit by a Michaelis–Menten model, permitting estimates of response and contrast gain parameters for each subject. Anomalous observers showed no significant differences in response or contrast gain from normal observers for luminance contrast. For chromatic modulation, however, anomalous observers displayed higher contrast and lower response gain compared to normal observers. These effects cannot be explained by simple pigment shift models, and they support a compensation mechanism to optimize the mapping of the input contrast range to the neural response range. A linear relation between response and contrast gain suggests a neural trade-off between them.