ABSTRACT Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Apocynaceae) is a tree species with high ecological and economic potential. Therefore, the need to select trees for producing high-quality seeds is evident. In this sense, the objective of this study was to select A. pyrifolium matrices based on the morphometric descriptors of fruits and seeds and the physiological quality of seeds from a natural population. For this, 11 A. pyrifolium trees were selected, and their fruits and seeds were submitted to biometric analysis; in addition, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated. The morphometric characteristics of fruits and seeds and the physiological quality of the seeds evidenced differences and variations among the seeds of the different A. pyrifolium trees, making it possible to group them according to the similarity degree. Thus, seven trees were selected as seed matrices based on superior physiological quality and genetic dissimilarity.