AbstractDespite being considered a tropical disease, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. infantum is also endemic in the Mediterranean Europe and represents an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. VL occurring in kidney transplant recipients is a severe event, often worsening the renal damage and leading to poor outcome. It is believed that most of VL cases in transplant recipients are caused by reactivation of a pre-existent, dormant leishmanial infection induced by the immunosuppressive drugs. Nevertheless, the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in candidates to kidney transplant residing in or visiting endemic areas is unknown. As L. infantum is highly circulating in northeastern Italy, we aimed to examine the occurrence of this parasitic infection in 119 dialysis patients living in the mentioned area, 71 of whom were potential candidates to kidney transplant. By employing a combination of sensitive serological and molecular methods, we observed a prevalence of 15.9% asymptomatic Leishmania infection in the study cohort. This finding emphasizes the need of further evaluating potential screening strategies for Leishmania infection in solid organ transplant candidates residing in or visiting endemic areas.