Abstract Background Combining the strengths of physical activity (PA) diaries and questionnaires may be needed to improve the unsatisfying measurement quality of existing PA questionnaires. This study investigated the construct validity of a short PA questionnaire (Physical Activity Questionnaire for 24 h [PAQ24]) with a recall period of one day. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants completed the PAQ24 on seven consecutive days while wearing an accelerometer (GENEActiv). Thereafter, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was completed. Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess construct validity. Results Overall, 50 active adults (11 women, mean age = 25.1 ± 2.5) participated. Relative agreements between Total PA of PAQ24 and accelerometer were 0.37 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.72 for each day with satisfying agreement on five out of seven days. Weekly relative agreement for Total PA was moderate (ρ = 0.44). Relative agreements between PAQ24 and GPAQ were ρ = 0.43 for Total PA. Daily and weekly absolute agreements were poor indicated by wide limits of agreement. Conclusions In contrast to weekly Total PA, the majority of daily results of the PAQ24 showed satisfying construct validity. A short recall period may improve the measurement quality of PA questionnaires, but measurement errors and the costs of multiple administrations must be considered in future studies.