In order to study the peculiarities of children’s adaptation to the impact of moderate chronic stress we examined 177 healthy children from 10 to 12 years, who began to study in various institutions. We studied the volume of the educational load, academic performance, parameters of vegetative homeostasis, personal characteristics and the style of adaptive behavior. The cardiovascular system was evaluated by daily ECG monitoring and blood pressure. The duration of follow-up was 2.5 years. Adaptation of children, regardless of the type of educational institution, was accompanied by a tension of the vegetative regulation mechanisms. The children with formed adaptive personal resources and a balanced state of the autonomic nervous system adapted most successfully. At the beginning of adaptation we observed increase in blood pressure in 25.4% of children, and arterial hypertension in 3.3% of children. In 24 months there was found sinus bradycardia in 8.5% of children. Regardless of the type of institution, the depletion of adaptive capacity was associated with abnormalities in the state of the children’s health, low training effectiveness and poor tolerance of educational load. Thus, we believe that personal characteristics, styles of adaptive behavior and the state of vegetative regulation mechanisms should be taken into account when preparing recommendations for the training and organization of medical and psychological-pedagogical support for students.