In this review, we discuss the main reasons for the vitamin D insufficiency in Russian Federation, as well as data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among various population groups and regions, which confirm the widespread prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the country. The discussed data suggest that the current vitamin D insufficiency in Russian population (reduced levels of 25(OH)D occurs in 50 - 94% of general population) is due to both a low level of its endogenous synthesis and insufficient intake from food : the territory of the country is located in a zone of low insolation, and at the same time, the main natural sources of vitamin D (sea fish of fatty varieties) and fortified with vitamin D products are very limited in the diet of the population. Taking measures to improve the status of vitamin D and maintaining the optimal serum levels of 25(OH)D in children and adults, adequate vitamin D intake will improve the condition of the musculoskeletal system, as well as reduce the risk of development and improve the control of some chronic diseases.