AbstractCanine visceral leishmaniasis is associated with splenic changes that may interfere with the surveillance of blood borne antigens. Dogs with terminal visceral leishmaniasis present with a variety of skin lesions that may reflect a failure of the immune system to cope with infection. In this study, we compare the frequency of dermatitis in dogs from an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis and take account of the following parameters: presence/absence of laboratory markers of infection and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis, and presence/absence of splenic structural changes associated with severe forms of the disease. Dermatitis was present in 48 of 64 (75%) of the animals. Dermatitis was more frequent in animals with positive splenic culture and negative leishmanin skin test (14/15, 93%) than in non-infected controls (P = 0.01). Diffuse dermatitis was present only in animals with evidence of Leishmania infection. Diffuse dermatitis was also more frequent in animals with positive (9/27, 33%) as opposed to negative (3/34, 9%) serology against Leishmania (P = 0.01). Presence of dermatitis correlated with both perisplenitis (P = 0.03) and with an increase in plasma cell density in the splenic tissue (P = 0.02). Diffuse dermatitis also correlated with splenic lymphoid tissue disorganization (P = 0.03) and germinal center atrophy (P < 0.01). The relationship between chronic dermatitis and spleen disorganization suggests an impairment of immune response to deal with skin aggressions in dogs with severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis. It also suggest that skin biopsy can be used in a model to define severity of canine visceral leishmaniasis.