TREM2is an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk gene expressed in microglia. To study the role ofTrem2in a mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we compared PS2APP transgenic mice versus PS2APP mice lackingTrem2(PS2APP;Trem2^ko) at ages ranging from 4 to 22 months. Microgliosis was impaired in PS2APP;Trem2^komice, withTrem2-deficient microglia showing compromised expression of proliferation/Wnt-related genes and marked accumulation of ApoE. Plaque abundance was elevated in PS2APP;Trem2^kofemales at 6–7 months; but by 12 or 19–22 months of age, it was notably diminished in female and male PS2APP;Trem2^komice, respectively. Across all ages, plaque morphology was more diffuse in PS2APP;Trem2^kobrains, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was elevated. The amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers also increased in PS2APP;Trem2^kohippocampi. Associated with these changes, axonal dystrophy was exacerbated from 6 to 7 months onward in PS2APP;Trem2^komice, notwithstanding the reduced plaque load at later ages. PS2APP;Trem2^komice also exhibited more dendritic spine loss around plaque and more neurofilament light chain in CSF. Thus, aggravated neuritic dystrophy is a more consistent outcome ofTrem2deficiency than amyloid plaque load, suggesting that the microglial packing of Aβ into dense plaque is an important neuroprotective activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGenetic studies indicate thatTREM2gene mutations confer increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We studied the effects ofTrem2deletion in the PS2APP mouse AD model, in which overproduction of Aβ peptide leads to amyloid plaque formation and associated neuritic dystrophy. Interestingly, neuritic dystrophies were intensified in the brains ofTrem2-deficient mice, despite these mice displaying reduced plaque accumulation at later ages (12–22 months). Microglial clustering around plaques was impaired, plaques were more diffuse, and the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and amount of soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers were elevated inTrem2-deficient brains. These results suggest that the Trem2-dependent compaction of Aβ into dense plaques is a protective microglial activity, limiting the exposure of neurons to toxic Aβ species.