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MDPI, Molecules, 20(24), p. 3706, 2019

DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203706

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Insulin Hot-Spot Analogs Formed with N-Methylated Amino Acid Residues Inhibit Aggregation of Native Hormone

Journal article published in 2019 by Swiontek, Wasko, Fraczyk, Galecki, Kaminski, Kolesinska ORCID
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Abstract

In this study, N-methylated analogs of hot-spots of insulin were designed and synthesized, in the expectation that they would inhibit the aggregation of both insulin hot-spots and the entire hormone. Synthesis of insulin “amyloidogenic” analogs containing N-methylated amino acid residues was performed by microwave-assisted solid phase according to the Fmoc/tert-Bu strategy. As a coupling reagent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium toluene-4-sulfonate (DMT/NMM/TosO-) was used. Three independent methods were applied in aggregation studies of the complexes of insulin with its N-methylated peptides. Additionally, circular dichroism (CD) measurements were used to confirm that aggregation processes did not occur in the presence of the N-methylated analogs of hot-spot insulin fragments, and that insulin retains its native conformation. Of the seven N-methylated analogs of the A- and B-chain hot-spots of insulin, six inhibited insulin aggregation (peptides 1 and 3–7). All tested peptides were found to have a lower ability to inhibit the aggregation of insulin hot-spots compared to the capability to inhibit native hormone aggregation.