Xanthoparmelia(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is the most species-rich genus of lichen-forming fungi. Species boundaries are based on morphological and chemical features, varying reproductive strategies and, more recently, molecular sequence data. The isidiateXanthoparmeliamexicanagroup is common in arid regions of North and Central America and includes a range of morphological variation and variable secondary metabolites – salazinic or stictic acids mainly. In order to better understand the evolutionary history of this group and potential taxonomic implications, a molecular phylogeny representing 58 ingroup samples was reconstructed using four loci, including ITS, mtSSU, nuLSU rDNA and MCM7. Results indicate the existence of multiple, distinct lineages phenotypically agreeing withX.mexicana.One of these isidiate, salazinic acid-containing lineages is described here as a new species,X.pedregalensissp. nov., including populations from xerophytic scrub vegetation in Pedregal de San Angel, Mexico City.X.mexicanas. str. is less isidiate thanX.pedregalensisand has salazinic and consalazinic acid, occasionally with norstictic acid; whereasX.pedregalensiscontains salazinic and norstictic acids and an unknown substance. Samples from the Old World, morphologically agreeing withX.mexicana, are only distantly related toX.mexicanas. str. Our results indicate thatX.mexicanais likely less common than previously assumed and ongoing taxonomic revisions are required for isidiateXanthoparmeliaspecies.