Background Ischemic preconditioning ( IPC ) and ischemic postconditioning ( IP oC) are currently among the most efficient strategies protecting the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, the effect of IPC and IP oC on functional recovery following ischemia/reperfusion is less clear, particularly with regard to the specific receptor‐mediated signaling of the postischemic heart. The current article examines the effect of IPC or IP oC on the regulation and coupling of β‐adrenergic receptors and their effects on postischemic left ventricular function. Methods and Results The β‐adrenergic signal transduction was analyzed in 3‐month‐old Wistar rats for each of the intervention strategies (Sham, ischemia/reperfusion, IPC , IP oC) immediately and 7 days after myocardial infarction. Directly after the infarction a cardioprotective potential was demonstrated for both IPC and IP oC: the infarct size was reduced, apoptosis and production of reactive oxygen species were lowered, and the myocardial tissue was preserved. Seven days after myocardial ischemia, only IPC hearts showed significant functional improvement. Along with a deterioration in fractional shortening, IP oC hearts no longer responded adequately to β‐adrenergic stimulation. The stabilization of β‐adrenergic receptor kinase‐2 via increased phosphorylation of Mdm2 (an E3‐ubiquitin ligase) was responsible for desensitization of β‐adrenergic receptors and identified as a characteristic specific to IP oC hearts. Conclusions Immediately after myocardial infarction, rapid and transient activation of β‐adrenergic receptor kinase‐2 may be an appropriate means to protect the injured heart from excessive stress. In the long term, however, induction and stabilization of β‐adrenergic receptor kinase‐2, with the resultant loss of positive inotropic function, leads to the functional picture of heart failure.