National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Environmental Health Perspectives, 5(122), p. 431-438, 2014
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307110
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Background: Exposure to cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as a health hazard, both in industry and in general populations with high exposure. Under the currently prevailing health risk assessment, the relationship between urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentrations and tubular proteinuria is used. However, doubts have recently been raised regarding the justification of basing the risk assessment on this relationship at very low exposure.