Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia and cognitive impairment in later life are commonly associated with a mixed set of pathologies, which are frequently accompanied by local and systemic inflammation. Conflicting observations have made understanding the relative importance of innate and adaptive immune processes dif-ficult in such pathologies. However, clini-cal trials using immunization, monoclonal antibodies or anti-inflammatory medica-tion have produced disappointing results in treating AD [1]. This suggests a need to change focus. Recent data suggest that monocytes and microglia, the main innate immune defense of the CNS, may aid the clearance of b-amyloid (Ab) deposits in the brain by recruiting macrophages to the affected areas. This may represent a novel strategy for intervention.