Oxides with $4d$/$5d$ transition metal ions are physically interesting for their particular crystalline structures as well as the spin-orbit coupled electronic structures. Recent experiments revealed a series of $4d$/$5d$ transition metal oxides $R_3M$O$_7$ ($R$: rare earth; $M$: $4d$/$5d$ transition metal) with unique quasi-one-dimensional $M$ chains. Here first-principles calculations have been performed to study the electronic structures of La$_3$OsO$_7$ and La$_3$RuO$_7$. Our study confirm both of them to be Mott insulating antiferromagnets with identical magnetic order. The reduced magnetic moments, which are much smaller than the expected value for ideal high-spin state ($3$ $t_{2g}$ orbitals occupied), are attributed to the strong $p-d$ hybridization with oxygen ions, instead of the spin-orbit coupling. The Ca-doping to La$_3$OsO$_7$ and La$_3$RuO$_7$ can not only modulate the nominal carrier density but also affect the orbital order as well as the local distortions. The Coulombic attraction and particular orbital order would prefer to form polarons, which might explain the puzzling insulating behavior of doped $5d$ transition metal oxides. In addition, our calculation predict that the Ca-doping can trigger ferromagnetism in La$_3$RuO$_7$ but not in La$_3$OsO$_7$. ; Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures