Abstract Background Delayed or inappropriate treatment for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increases the risk of HIV acquisition and may cause other harmful outcomes. However, studies on STD treatment-seeking behaviour and correlated factors in men who have sex with men (MSM) are scarce. This information is crucial for the promotion of STD treatment-seeking behaviour and reduction of HIV transmission among Chinese MSM. Methods During 2012–2013, a multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 7 Chinese cities. Participants completed an interview-questionnaire and gave venous blood samples, which were then tested for antibodies to HIV, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2). MSM who tested positive for syphilis/HSV-2 or had obvious STD-related symptoms within the last 12 months were defined as suspected STD-infected MSM. Results Of the 4 496 eligible MSM who completed this survey, 24.4% (1 096/4 496) were categorized as suspected STD-infected MSM. 35.7% (391/1 096) of these MSM with suspected STD infections sought STD treatment in clinics within the last 12 months. Among MSM who did not attend STD clinics for treatment, the prevalence of syphilis and HSV-2 was significantly higher; the HIV prevalence and incidence within this subpopulation reached as high as 14.5% and 12.2/100 person-years, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that having 7–12 years of education (vs. ≤6 years; a OR , 2.5; 95% CI , 1.0–6.1), ≥13 years of education (vs. ≤6 years: a OR , 2.8; 95% CI , 1.2–7.0), monthly income >500 USD (vs. ≤500 USD: a OR , 1.5; 95% CI , 1.1–2.1), obvious STD-related symptoms within last 12 months (a OR , 5.3; 95% CI , 3.7–7.5), being HIV infected (a OR , 1.7; 95% CI , 1.1–2.6), currently syphilis infected (a OR , 0.6; 95% CI , 0.4–0.9) and HSV-2 infected (a OR , 0.6; 95% CI , 0.5–0.9) were independent correlates with seeking STD treatment in clinics among Chinese MSM. Conclusions The high prevalence of STD infection coupled with a low proportion of individuals who exhibit appropriate treatment-seeking behaviour create a high risk of a growing HIV epidemic among .