Background: Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as potential heart failure biomarkers. We aimed to identify associations between acute heart failure (AHF)-specific circulating miRNAs and well-known heart failure biomarkers. Methods: Associations between 16 biomarkers predictive for 180 day mortality and the levels of 12 AHF-specific miRNAs were determined in 100 hospitalized AHF patients, at baseline and 48 hours. Patients were divided in 4 pre-defined groups, based on clinical parameters during hospitalization. Correlation analyses between miRNAs and biomarkers were performed and complemented by miRNA target prediction and pathway analysis. Results: No significant correlations were found at hospital admission. However, after 48 hours, 7 miRNAs were significantly negatively correlated to biomarkers indicative for a worse clinical outcome in the patient group with the most unfavorable in-hospital course (n = 21); miR-16-5p was correlated to C-reactive protein (R = − 0.66, p-value = 0.0027), miR-106a-5p to creatinine (R = − 0.68, p-value = 0.002), miR-223-3p to growth differentiation factor 15 (R = − 0.69, p-value = 0.0015), miR-652-3p to soluble ST-2 (R = − 0.77, p-value