<b><i>Background:</i></b> Doxapram has been advocated as a treatment for persistent apnea of prematurity (AOP). <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To evaluate the effect of doxapram on long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants as its safety still needs to be established. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> From a retrospective cohort of preterm infants with a gestational age (GA) <30 weeks and/or a birth weight <1,250 g, born between 2000 and 2010, infants treated with doxapram (n = 142) and a nontreated control group were selected (n = 284). Patient characteristics and clinical and neurodevelopmental outcome data at 24 months' corrected age were collected. Neurodevelopmental delay (ND) was defined as having a Mental or Psychomotor Developmental Index (MDI/PDI) <-1 standard deviation (SD), cerebral palsy, or a hearing or visual impairment. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Infants treated with doxapram had a lower GA compared to controls. The number of infants with a MDI or PDI <-1 SD was not different between the groups. The risk of the combined outcome death or ND was significantly lower in the doxapram group after adjusting for confounding factors (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.78). Doxapram-treated infants had a higher risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus, but a lower risk of spontaneous intestinal perforation. All other morbidities were not different between the groups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study suggests that doxapram is not associated with an increased risk of ND. These findings need to be confirmed or refuted by a large, well-designed, placebo-controlled randomized trial.