The vibration fatigue experiments of cantilever beam structures were performed to investigate the fatigue behavior of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy. Two types of cantilever beams with various natural frequencies under the sinusoidal excitation were investigated. The initial stress of two types of specimens were set in the same amplitude by adjusting the acceleration of electrodynamic shaker. Based on the stress history recorded by the strain gauge in fatigue test and the Miners liner cumulative damage rule, the fatigue damage of the cantilever beam was calculated. The effect of vibration state on the vibration fatigue behavior of the cantilever beam was discussed. The experiment results show that the fatigue life of the cantilever beam, of which the initial vibration state is resonance, is longer than that of non-resonance. The calculated damage results were in accord with the reduction of the natural frequency measured in experiment. The reduction of natural frequency could be used to evaluate the fatigue damage of structures.