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The ~215 Km MOROKWENG IMPACT STRUCTURE, SOUTH AFRICA-AN INTEGRATED SURVEY FROM SATELLITE IMAGERY

Proceedings article published in 2015 by Z. A. Botes, S. Misra, M. A. G. Andreoli
This paper is available in a repository.
This paper is available in a repository.

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Abstract

Introduction: The Morokweng impact crater situated in the North West Province of South Africa was formed ~145±2 Ma ago, i.e. close to the Jurassic-Cretaceous (J-K) boundary, by an impact of LL-6 chondrite [1-5]. The target rocks are mostly Archaean granitoids with scattered occurrences of Archaean meta-volcanics (ca. 3.0 to 2.9 Ga) and Proterozoic metasediments (quartzite, carbonates and banded iron formation) of the overlying Griqualand West Supergroup [6]. At present, the structure is mostly buried beneath the <70 Ma Kalahari Group of continental sediments and calcrete; consequently, debate remains about its actual diameter [6]. Estimates based on geophysical interpretations range from ~340 km [7] to ~70 km [8, 9]. Our preliminary observation on the Landsat 1 imagery suggests that the diameter of this crater could be between 160 and 200 km [10]. The J-K boundary represents a period of geological upheavals and environmental disruption including large meteorite impacts, important submarine volcanism and climatic changes [11]. Therefore, better information on the actual size and other impact-related structures of the Morokweng crater (e.g. radial, faults and dykes) is important for evaluating the relationship between large impacts and possible terrestrial catastrophe. In the present work, we therefore present some important features observed in the satellite images of the Morokweng crater. Satellite imagery: Our preliminary Inspection of the Landsat satellite imagery showed that Landsat-1 (previously Earth Resources Technology Satellite-ERTS) provided the best contrast from its Band 1 (Green, 500-600 nm) Multi-spectral Scanner (MSS) (Fig. 1). Available imagery dated from 1973 with two frames infilled from 1979 and 1980. The panchromatic images were interpreted in conjunction with a 100 x 100 m DEM. We have also attempted to evaluate the dimension and structure of the Morokweng crater using the radar images provided by Alaska Satellite Facility. However, these images cannot be fruitfully used for this crater due to their low level of penetration. Morphology of Morokweng crater: The area of the Morokweng crater generally has low relief (mean 1224m AMSL) with minimum and maximum elevations of 1019 and 1520m AMSL, respectively (Fig. 1). The crater consists of higher ground in the SE half and lower ground in the NW half of the area. The segments of semi-circular ridges (5-8 km wide) rising 150-200 m above the surrounding topography, with a probable geographic center at 26 o 40