Despite their burden in urban particulate air pollution, road traffic non-exhaust emissions are often uncontrolled and information about the effectiveness of mitigation measures on paved roads is still scarce. The present study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical sweeping/water flushing treatments in mitigating urban road dust resuspension and to quantify the real benefit in terms of ambient PM10 concentrations. To this aim a specific campaign was carried out in a heavily trafficked central road of Barcelona (Spain), a Mediterranean city suffering from a traffic-related pollution, both for a high car density and a frequent lack of precipitation. Several street washings were performed by means of mechanical sweepers and pressure water during night in all traffic lanes and sidewalks. PM10 levels were simultaneously compared with four reference urban background air quality stations to interpret any meteorological variability. At the downwind measurement site, PM10 concentrations registered a mean daily decrease of 8.8 μg m−3 during the 24 h after street washing treatments. However 3.7–4.9 μg m−3 of such decrease were due to the meteorological variability detected at the upwind site, as well as at two of the reference sites. This reveals that an effective decrease of 4–5 μg m−3 (7–10%) can be related to street washing efficiency. Mitigation of road dust resuspension was confirmed by investigating the chemical composition of airborne-PM10 filters. Concentrations of Cu, Sb, Fe and mineral matter decrease significantly with respect to concentrations of elemental carbon, used as tracer for exhaust diesel emissions. High efficiency of street washing in reducing road dust loads was found by performing periodic samplings both on the treated and the untreated areas.