A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit

T ~D, Abbott; de la Jordana, L. S.; di Palma, I.; van Veggel, A.~A A.; Gergely, L. Á.; Debra, D.; Mueller-Ebhardt, H.; Poeld, J.; Abadie, J.; Marka, Z.; Roever, C.; Ruediger, A.; Diaz, M.; Abbott, Benjamin P.; Amador Ceron, Eduardo; Amariutei, Daniel; Abbott, Richard; Amin, Rupal S.; Anderson, Stuart B.; Abbott, Thomas D.; Anderson, Warren G.; Abernathy, Matthew; Arai, Koji; Arain, Muzammil A.; Adams, Carl; Araya, Melody C.; Adhikari, Rana; Aston, Stuart M.; Atkinson, Dani; Affeldt, Christoph; Aufmuth, Peter; Aulbert, Carsten; Allen, Graham S.; Aylott, Benjamin E.; Allen, Bruce; Babak, Stanislav; Baker, Paul; Ballmer, Stefan; Barker, David; Barr, Bryan; Barriga, Pablo; Barsotti, Lisa; Barton, Mark A.; Bartos, Imre; Bassiri, Riccardo; Bastarrika, Mikel; Batch, James; Bauchrowitz, Joran; Behnke, Berit; Bell, Angus S.; Belopolski, Ilya; Benacquista, Matthew; Berliner, Jonathan M.; Bertolini, Alessandro; Díaz, M.; Betzwieser, Joseph; Beveridge, Nicola; Beyersdorf, Peter T.; Bilenko, Igor A.; Billingsley, GariLynn; Birch, Jeremy; Biswas, R.; Black, E.; Blackburn, J.~K K.; Blackburn, L.; Blair, David; Bland, B.; Bock, O.; Bodiya, T.~P P.; Bogan, C.; Bondarescu, R.; Bork, R.; Conte, R.; Cook, D.; Born, M.; Corbitt, T.~R R.; Bose, S.; Cordier, M.; Brady, P.~R R.; Gergely, L. A.; Cornish, N.; Braginsky, V.~B B.; Corsi, A.; Brau, J.~E E.; Costa, C.~A A.; Breyer, J.; Coughlin, M.; Coward, D.~M M.; Bridges, D.~O O.; Couvares, P.; Brinkmann, M.; Britzger, M.; Coyne, D.~C C.; Brooks, A.~F F.; Creighton, J.~D.~E D. E.; Brown, D.~A A.; Creighton, T.~D D.; Brummitt, A.; Cruise, A.~M M.; Buonanno, A.; Cumming, A.; Burguet Castell, J.; Cunningham, L.; Danilishin, S.~L L.; Burmeister, O.; Cutler, R.~M M.; DiPalma, I.; Byer, R.~L L.; Dahl, K.; Díz, M.; Cadonati, L.; Dannenberg, R.; Camp, J.~B B.; Ajith, Parameswaran; Danzmann, K.; Campsie, P.; Daudert, B.; Daveloza, H.; Cannizzo, J.; Davies, G.; Cannon, K.; Daw, E.~J J.; Cao, J.; Capano, C.~D D.; Dayanga, T.; DeRosa, R.; Caride, S.; Degallaix, J.; DeSalvo, R.; Caudill, S.; Dent, T.; Cavagliá, M.; Dergachev, V.; Cepeda, C.; Chalermsongsak, T.; Dhurandhar, S.; Chalkley, E.; DiGuglielmo, J.; Charlton, P.; Donovan, F.; Chelkowski, S.; Gholami, I.; Dooley, K.~L L.; Chen, Y.; Dorsher, S.; Christensen, N.; Drever, R.~W.~P W. P.; Cho, H.; Driggers, J.~C C.; Chua, S.~S.~Y S. Y.; Du, Z.; Chung, Shin Kee; Dumas, Jean-Charles; Chung, C.~T.~Y T. Y.; Luck, H.; Dwyer, S.; Ciani, G.; Eberle, T.; Clara, F.; Edgar, M.; Clark, D.~E E.; Edwards, M.; Clark, J.; Effler, A.; Ehrens, P.; Clayton, J.~H H.; Engel, R.; Etzel, T.; Evans, K.; Evans, M.; Evans, T.; Factourovich, M.; Fairhurst, S.; Fan, Yaohui; Farr, B.~F F.; Farr, W.; Fazi, D.; Fehrmann, H.; Feldbaum, D.; Finn, L.~S S.; Fisher, R.~P P.; Flanigan, M.; Foley, S.; Forsi, E.; Fotopoulos, N.; Frede, M.; Frei, M.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Fricke, T.~T T.; Friedrich, D.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fulda, P.~J J.; Fyffe, M.; Ganija, M.~R R.; Garcia, J.; Garofoli, J.~A A.; Geng, R.; Ghosh, S.; Giaime, J.~A A.; Giampanis, S.; Thuering, A.; Giardina, K.~D D.; Gill, C.; Goetz, E.; Goggin, L.~M M.; González, G.; Gorodetsky, M.~L L.; Goßler, S.; Graef, C.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Gray, N.; Greenhalgh, R.~J.~S J. S.; Gretarsson, A.~M M.; Grosso, R.; Grote, H.; Grunewald, S.; Guido, C.; Gupta, R.; Gustafson, E.~K K.; Gustafson, R.; Ha, T.; MacLeod, D.~M; Hage, B.; Hallam, J.~M M.; Hammer, D.; Hammond, G.; Hanks, J.; Hanna, C.; Hanson, J.; Harms, J.; Harry, G.~M M.; Harry, I.~W W.; O’Dell, J.; Harstad, E.~D D.; Hartman, M.~T T.; O’Reilly, B.; Haughian, K.; Hayama, K.; Heefner, J.; O’Shaughnessy, R.; Heintze, M.~C C.; Hendry, M.~A A.; Heng, I.~S S.; Heptonstall, A.~W W.; Herrera, V.; Hewitson, M.; Hild, S.; Hoak, D.; Hodge, K.~A A.; Holt, K.; Hong, T.; Howell, E.~J J.; Hooper, S.; Hosken, D.~J J.; Hough, J.; Hughey, B.; Huynh Dinh, T.; Husa, S.; Huttner, S.~H H.; Ingram, D.~R R.; Inta, R.; Isogai, T.; Ivanov, A.; Izumi, K.; Jacobson, M.; Jang, H.; Johnson, W.~W W.; Jones, D.~I I.; Jones, G.; Jones, R.; Ju, L.; Kalmus, P.; Kalogera, V.; Kamaretsos, I.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kang, G.; Kanner, J.~B B.; Katsavounidis, E.; Katzman, W.; Kaufer, H.; Kawabe, K.; Kawamura, S.; Kawazoe, F.; Kells, W.; Keppel, D.~G G.; Keresztes, Z.; Khalaidovski, A.; Khalili, F.~Y Y.; Khazanov, E.~A A.; Kim, B.; MacDonald, E.; Kim, C.; Kim, D.; Kim, H.; Kim, K.; Kim, N.; Kim, Y.-M.; King, P.~J J.; Kinsey, M.; Kinzel, D.~L L.; Kissel, J.~S S.; Macinnis, M.; Klimenko, S.; Kokeyama, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Kopparapu, R.; Koranda, S.; Korth, W.~Z Z.; Kozak, D.; Kringel, V.; Krishnamurthy, S.; Krishnan, B.; Kuehn, G.; Kumar, R.; Kwee, P.; Lam, P.~K K.; Landry, M.; Lang, M.; Lantz, B.; Lastzka, N.; Lawrie, C.; Lazzarini, A.; Leaci, P.; Lee, C.~H H.; Lee, H.~M M.; Leindecker, N.; Li, J.; Leong, J.~R R.; Leonor, I.; Lindquist, P.~E E.; Lockerbie, N.~A A.; Lodhia, D.; Lormand, M.; Luan, J.; Lubinski, M.; Lundgren, A.~P P.; Lück, H.; Márka, S.; Machenschalk, B.; Márka, Z.; Markosyan, A.; Mageswaran, M.; Maros, E.; Mailand, K.; Martin, I.~W W.; Macleod, D. M.; Mandel, I.; Martin, R.~M M.; Mandic, V.; Marx, J.~N N.; Mason, K.; Marandi, A.; Matichard, F.; Matone, L.; Matzner, R.~A A.; Mavalvala, N.; Mazzolo, G.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D.~E E.; McGuire, S.~C C.; McIntyre, G.; McIver, J.; McKechan, D.~J.~A J. A.; Meadors, G.~D D.; Mehmet, M.; Meier, T.; Melatos, A.; Melissinos, A.~C C.; Mendell, G.; Menendez, D.; Mercer, R.~A A.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Meyer, M.~S S.; Ju, Li; Miao, H.; Miller, J.; Mitrofanov, V.~P P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Miyakawa, O.; Moe, B.; Moesta, P.; Mohanty, S.~D D.; Moraru, D.; Moreno, G.; Mori, T.; Muller-Ebhardt, H.; Mossavi, K.; Mow Lowry, C.~M M.; Mueller, C.~L L.; Müller Ebhardt, H.; Mueller, G.; Mukherjee, S.; Mullavey, A.; Munch, J.; Murphy, D.; Murray, P.~G G.; Mytidis, A.; Nash, T.; Nawrodt, R.; Necula, V.; Nelson, J.; Newton, G.; Nishizawa, A.; Nolting, D.; Nuttall, L.; O'Dell, J.; O'Reilly, B.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Ochsner, E.; Oelker, E.; Oh, J.~J J.; Oh, S.~H H.; Ogin, G.~H H.; Oldenburg, R.~G G.; Osthelder, C.; Ott, C.~D D.; Ottaway, D.~J J.; Ottens, R.~S S.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B.~J J.; Page, A.; Marka, Szabolcs; Pan, Y.; Pankow, C.; Papa, M.~A A.; Patel, P.; Pedraza, M.; Peiris, P.; Pekowsky, L.; Penn, S.; Peralta, C.; Perreca, A.; Phelps, M.; Pickenpack, M.; Pinto, I.~M M.; Pitkin, M.; Pold, J.; Pöld, J.; Pletsch, H.~J J.; Santamar\á, L.; Plissi, M. V.; Postiglione, F.; Predoi, V.; Price, L.~R R.; Prijatelj, M.; Principe, M.; Privitera, S.; Prix, R.; Prokhorov, L.; Puncken, O.; Quetschke, V.; Lueck, H.; Raab, F.~J J.; Radkins, H.; Sancho de la Jordana, L.; Raffai, P.; Rakhmanov, M.; Ramet, C.~R R.; Rankins, B.; Mohapatra, S.~R.~P R. P.; Raymond, V.; Redwine, K.; Reed, C.~M M.; Reed, T.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D.~H H.; Riesen, R.; Riles, K.; Robertson, N.~A A.; Robinson, C.; Robinson, E.~L L.; Roddy, S.; Rodriguez, C.; Rodruck, M.; Rollins, J.; Romano, J.~D D.; Röver, C.; Romie, J.~H H.; Rüdiger, A.; Rover, C.; Rowan, S.; Rudiger, A.; Ryan, K.; Ryll, H.; Sainathan, P.; Sakosky, M.; Salemi, F.; Samblowski, A.; Sammut, L.; Sandberg, V.; Sankar, S.; De La Sancho Jordana, L.; Sannibale, V.; Santamaría, L.; Santiago Prieto, I.; Santostasi, G.; Sathyaprakash, B.~S S.; Sato, S.; Saulson, P.~R R.; Savage, R.~L L.; Schilling, R.; Schlamminger, S.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R.~M.~S M. S.; Schulz, B.; Schutz, B.~F F.; Schwinberg, P.; Scott, J.; Scott, S.~M M.; Searle, A.~C C.; Seifert, F.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A.~S S.; Sergeev, A.; Shaddock, D.~A A.; Shaltev, M.; Shapiro, B.; Shawhan, P.; Shoemaker, D.~H H.; Sibley, A.; Siemens, X.; Sigg, D.; Singer, A.; Singer, L.; Sintes, A.~M M.; Skelton, G.; Slagmolen, B.~J.~J J. J.; Slutsky, J.; Smith, R.~J.~E J. E.; Smith, J.~R R.; Smith, M.~R R.; Smith, N.~D D.; Somiya, K.; Sorazu, B.; Soto, J.; Speirits, F.~C C.; Stein, A.~J J.; Steinert, E.; Steinlechner, J.; Steinlechner, S.; Steplewski, S.; Stefszky, M.; Stochino, A.; Stone, R.; Strain, K.~A A.; Strigin, S.; Stroeer, A.~S S.; Stuver, A.~L L.; Summerscales, T.~Z Z.; Sung, M.; Susmithan, S.; Sutton, P.~J J.; Talukder, D.; Tanner, D.~B B.; Tarabrin, S.~P P.; Taylor, J.~R R.; Taylor, R.; Thomas, P.; Thorne, K.~A A.; Thorne, K.~S S.; Thrane, Eric; Thüring, A.; Titsler, C.; Tokmakov, K. V.; Torres, C.; Torrie, C.~I I.; VanVeggel, A. A.; Traylor, G.; Trias, M.; Tseng, K.; Ugolini, D.; Urbanek, K.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vallisneri, M.; Vass, S.; Vaulin, R.; Vecchio, A.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P.~J J.; Veltkamp, C.; Ligo, Sci Collaboration; Villar, A.~E E.; Vitale, S.; Vorvick, C.; Vyatchanin, S.~P P.; Wade, A.; Waldman, S.~J J.; Wallace, L.; Wan, Y.; Wanner, A.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; Ward, R.~L L.; Wei, P.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A.~J J.; Weiss, R.; Wen, Linqing; Wen, S.; Wessels, P.; West, M.; Whitcomb, S.~E E.; Westphal, T.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J.~T T.; White, D.; Whiting, B.~F F.; Wilkinson, C.; Willems, P.~A A.; Williams, H.~R R.; Williams, L.; Willke, B.; Winkelmann, L.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C.~C C.; Wittel, H.; Wiseman, A.~G G.; Woan, G.; Wooley, R.; Worden, J.; Zhang, L.; Yablon, J.; Zhang, F.; Yakushin, I.; Yamamoto, K.; Zhang, W.; Yamamoto, H.; Van Veggel, A. A.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Yeaton Massey, D.; Ceron, E. Amador; Yoshida, S.; Yu, P.; Zanolin, M.; Zhao, Chunnong; Zhang, Zhongyang; Zotov, N.; Collaboration, Ligo Scientific; Zucker, M.~E E.; B ~P, Abbott; Zweizig, J.; Al,

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Koji Arai
T ~D et al., 2011

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Nature Research, Nature Physics, 12(7), p. 962-965, 2011

DOI: 10.1038/nphys2083

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@article{T ~D2011,
  abstract = {Around the globe several observatories are seeking the first direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs). These waves are predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity and are generated, for example, by black-hole binary systems. Present GW detectors are Michelson-type kilometre-scale laser interferometers measuring the distance changes between mirrors suspended in vacuum. The sensitivity of these detectors at frequencies above several hundred hertz is limited by the vacuum (zero-point) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. A quantum technology - the injection of squeezed light - offers a solution to this problem. Here we demonstrate the squeezed-light enhancement of GEO 600, which will be the GW observatory operated by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in its search for GWs for the next 3-4 years. GEO 600 now operates with its best ever sensitivity, which proves the usefulness of quantum entanglement and the qualification of squeezed light as a key technology for future GW astronomy.},
  author = {T ~D, Abbott and de la Jordana, L. S. and di Palma, I. and van Veggel, A.~A A. and Gergely, L. Á. and Debra, D. and Mueller-Ebhardt, H. and Poeld, J. and Abadie, J. and Marka, Z. and Roever, C. and Ruediger, A. and Diaz, M. and Abbott, Benjamin P. and Amador Ceron, Eduardo and Amariutei, Daniel and Abbott, Richard and Amin, Rupal S. and Anderson, Stuart B. and Abbott, Thomas D. and Anderson, Warren G. and Abernathy, Matthew and Arai, Koji and Arain, Muzammil A. and Adams, Carl and Araya, Melody C. and Adhikari, Rana and Aston, Stuart M. and Atkinson, Dani and Affeldt, Christoph and Aufmuth, Peter and Aulbert, Carsten and Allen, Graham S. and Aylott, Benjamin E. and Allen, Bruce and Babak, Stanislav and Baker, Paul and Ballmer, Stefan and Barker, David and Barr, Bryan and Barriga, Pablo and Barsotti, Lisa and Barton, Mark A. and Bartos, Imre and Bassiri, Riccardo and Bastarrika, Mikel and Batch, James and Bauchrowitz, Joran and Behnke, Berit and Bell, Angus S. and Belopolski, Ilya and Benacquista, Matthew and Berliner, Jonathan M. and Bertolini, Alessandro and Díaz, M. and Betzwieser, Joseph and Beveridge, Nicola and Beyersdorf, Peter T. and Bilenko, Igor A. and Billingsley, GariLynn and Birch, Jeremy and Biswas, R. and Black, E. and Blackburn, J.~K K. and Blackburn, L. and Blair, David and Bland, B. and Bock, O. and Bodiya, T.~P P. and Bogan, C. and Bondarescu, R. and Bork, R. and Conte, R. and Cook, D. and Born, M. and Corbitt, T.~R R. and Bose, S. and Cordier, M. and Brady, P.~R R. and Gergely, L. A. and Cornish, N. and Braginsky, V.~B B. and Corsi, A. and Brau, J.~E E. and Costa, C.~A A. and Breyer, J. and Coughlin, M. and Coward, D.~M M. and Bridges, D.~O O. and Couvares, P. and Brinkmann, M. and Britzger, M. and Coyne, D.~C C. and Brooks, A.~F F. and Creighton, J.~D.~E D. E. and Brown, D.~A A. and Creighton, T.~D D. and Brummitt, A. and Cruise, A.~M M. and Buonanno, A. and Cumming, A. and Burguet Castell, J. and Cunningham, L. and Danilishin, S.~L L. and Burmeister, O. and Cutler, R.~M M. and DiPalma, I. and Byer, R.~L L. and Dahl, K. and Díz, M. and Cadonati, L. and Dannenberg, R. and Camp, J.~B B. and Ajith, Parameswaran and Danzmann, K. and Campsie, P. and Daudert, B. and Daveloza, H. and Cannizzo, J. and Davies, G. and Cannon, K. and Daw, E.~J J. and Cao, J. and Capano, C.~D D. and Dayanga, T. and DeRosa, R. and Caride, S. and Degallaix, J. and DeSalvo, R. and Caudill, S. and Dent, T. and Cavagliá, M. and Dergachev, V. and Cepeda, C. and Chalermsongsak, T. and Dhurandhar, S. and Chalkley, E. and DiGuglielmo, J. and Charlton, P. and Donovan, F. and Chelkowski, S. and Gholami, I. and Dooley, K.~L L. and Chen, Y. and Dorsher, S. and Christensen, N. and Drever, R.~W.~P W. P. and Cho, H. and Driggers, J.~C C. and Chua, S.~S.~Y S. Y. and Du, Z. and Chung, Shin Kee and Dumas, Jean-Charles and Chung, C.~T.~Y T. Y. and Luck, H. and Dwyer, S. and Ciani, G. and Eberle, T. and Clara, F. and Edgar, M. and Clark, D.~E E. and Edwards, M. and Clark, J. and Effler, A. and Ehrens, P. and Clayton, J.~H H. and Engel, R. and Etzel, T. and Evans, K. and Evans, M. and Evans, T. and Factourovich, M. and Fairhurst, S. and Fan, Yaohui and Farr, B.~F F. and Farr, W. and Fazi, D. and Fehrmann, H. and Feldbaum, D. and Finn, L.~S S. and Fisher, R.~P P. and Flanigan, M. and Foley, S. and Forsi, E. and Fotopoulos, N. and Frede, M. and Frei, M. and Frei, Z. and Freise, A. and Frey, R. and Fricke, T.~T T. and Friedrich, D. and Fritschel, P. and Frolov, V. V. and Fulda, P.~J J. and Fyffe, M. and Ganija, M.~R R. and Garcia, J. and Garofoli, J.~A A. and Geng, R. and Ghosh, S. and Giaime, J.~A A. and Giampanis, S. and Thuering, A. and Giardina, K.~D D. and Gill, C. and Goetz, E. and Goggin, L.~M M. and González, G. and Gorodetsky, M.~L L. and Goßler, S. and Graef, C. and Grant, A. and Gras, S. and Gray, C. and Gray, N. and Greenhalgh, R.~J.~S J. S. and Gretarsson, A.~M M. and Grosso, R. and Grote, H. and Grunewald, S. and Guido, C. and Gupta, R. and Gustafson, E.~K K. and Gustafson, R. and Ha, T. and MacLeod, D.~M and Hage, B. and Hallam, J.~M M. and Hammer, D. and Hammond, G. and Hanks, J. and Hanna, C. and Hanson, J. and Harms, J. and Harry, G.~M M. and Harry, I.~W W. and O’Dell, J. and Harstad, E.~D D. and Hartman, M.~T T. and O’Reilly, B. and Haughian, K. and Hayama, K. and Heefner, J. and O’Shaughnessy, R. and Heintze, M.~C C. and Hendry, M.~A A. and Heng, I.~S S. and Heptonstall, A.~W W. and Herrera, V. and Hewitson, M. and Hild, S. and Hoak, D. and Hodge, K.~A A. and Holt, K. and Hong, T. and Howell, E.~J J. and Hooper, S. and Hosken, D.~J J. and Hough, J. and Hughey, B. and Huynh Dinh, T. and Husa, S. and Huttner, S.~H H. and Ingram, D.~R R. and Inta, R. and Isogai, T. and Ivanov, A. and Izumi, K. and Jacobson, M. and Jang, H. and Johnson, W.~W W. and Jones, D.~I I. and Jones, G. and Jones, R. and Ju, L. and Kalmus, P. and Kalogera, V. and Kamaretsos, I. and Kandhasamy, S. and Kang, G. and Kanner, J.~B B. and Katsavounidis, E. and Katzman, W. and Kaufer, H. and Kawabe, K. and Kawamura, S. and Kawazoe, F. and Kells, W. and Keppel, D.~G G. and Keresztes, Z. and Khalaidovski, A. and Khalili, F.~Y Y. and Khazanov, E.~A A. and Kim, B. and MacDonald, E. and Kim, C. and Kim, D. and Kim, H. and Kim, K. and Kim, N. and Kim, Y.-M. and King, P.~J J. and Kinsey, M. and Kinzel, D.~L L. and Kissel, J.~S S. and Macinnis, M. and Klimenko, S. and Kokeyama, K. and Kondrashov, V. and Kopparapu, R. and Koranda, S. and Korth, W.~Z Z. and Kozak, D. and Kringel, V. and Krishnamurthy, S. and Krishnan, B. and Kuehn, G. and Kumar, R. and Kwee, P. and Lam, P.~K K. and Landry, M. and Lang, M. and Lantz, B. and Lastzka, N. and Lawrie, C. and Lazzarini, A. and Leaci, P. and Lee, C.~H H. and Lee, H.~M M. and Leindecker, N. and Li, J. and Leong, J.~R R. and Leonor, I. and Lindquist, P.~E E. and Lockerbie, N.~A A. and Lodhia, D. and Lormand, M. and Luan, J. and Lubinski, M. and Lundgren, A.~P P. and Lück, H. and Márka, S. and Machenschalk, B. and Márka, Z. and Markosyan, A. and Mageswaran, M. and Maros, E. and Mailand, K. and Martin, I.~W W. and Macleod, D. M. and Mandel, I. and Martin, R.~M M. and Mandic, V. and Marx, J.~N N. and Mason, K. and Marandi, A. and Matichard, F. and Matone, L. and Matzner, R.~A A. and Mavalvala, N. and Mazzolo, G. and McCarthy, R. and McClelland, D.~E E. and McGuire, S.~C C. and McIntyre, G. and McIver, J. and McKechan, D.~J.~A J. A. and Meadors, G.~D D. and Mehmet, M. and Meier, T. and Melatos, A. and Melissinos, A.~C C. and Mendell, G. and Menendez, D. and Mercer, R.~A A. and Meshkov, S. and Messenger, C. and Meyer, M.~S S. and Ju, Li and Miao, H. and Miller, J. and Mitrofanov, V.~P P. and Mitselmakher, G. and Mittleman, R. and Miyakawa, O. and Moe, B. and Moesta, P. and Mohanty, S.~D D. and Moraru, D. and Moreno, G. and Mori, T. and Muller-Ebhardt, H. and Mossavi, K. and Mow Lowry, C.~M M. and Mueller, C.~L L. and Müller Ebhardt, H. and Mueller, G. and Mukherjee, S. and Mullavey, A. and Munch, J. and Murphy, D. and Murray, P.~G G. and Mytidis, A. and Nash, T. and Nawrodt, R. and Necula, V. and Nelson, J. and Newton, G. and Nishizawa, A. and Nolting, D. and Nuttall, L. and O'Dell, J. and O'Reilly, B. and O'Shaughnessy, R. and Ochsner, E. and Oelker, E. and Oh, J.~J J. and Oh, S.~H H. and Ogin, G.~H H. and Oldenburg, R.~G G. and Osthelder, C. and Ott, C.~D D. and Ottaway, D.~J J. and Ottens, R.~S S. and Overmier, H. and Owen, B.~J J. and Page, A. and Marka, Szabolcs and Pan, Y. and Pankow, C. and Papa, M.~A A. and Patel, P. and Pedraza, M. and Peiris, P. and Pekowsky, L. and Penn, S. and Peralta, C. and Perreca, A. and Phelps, M. and Pickenpack, M. and Pinto, I.~M M. and Pitkin, M. and Pold, J. and Pöld, J. and Pletsch, H.~J J. and Santamar\á, L. and Plissi, M. V. and Postiglione, F. and Predoi, V. and Price, L.~R R. and Prijatelj, M. and Principe, M. and Privitera, S. and Prix, R. and Prokhorov, L. and Puncken, O. and Quetschke, V. and Lueck, H. and Raab, F.~J J. and Radkins, H. and Sancho de la Jordana, L. and Raffai, P. and Rakhmanov, M. and Ramet, C.~R R. and Rankins, B. and Mohapatra, S.~R.~P R. P. and Raymond, V. and Redwine, K. and Reed, C.~M M. and Reed, T. and Reid, S. and Reitze, D.~H H. and Riesen, R. and Riles, K. and Robertson, N.~A A. and Robinson, C. and Robinson, E.~L L. and Roddy, S. and Rodriguez, C. and Rodruck, M. and Rollins, J. and Romano, J.~D D. and Röver, C. and Romie, J.~H H. and Rüdiger, A. and Rover, C. and Rowan, S. and Rudiger, A. and Ryan, K. and Ryll, H. and Sainathan, P. and Sakosky, M. and Salemi, F. and Samblowski, A. and Sammut, L. and Sandberg, V. and Sankar, S. and De La Sancho Jordana, L. and Sannibale, V. and Santamaría, L. and Santiago Prieto, I. and Santostasi, G. and Sathyaprakash, B.~S S. and Sato, S. and Saulson, P.~R R. and Savage, R.~L L. and Schilling, R. and Schlamminger, S. and Schnabel, R. and Schofield, R.~M.~S M. S. and Schulz, B. and Schutz, B.~F F. and Schwinberg, P. and Scott, J. and Scott, S.~M M. and Searle, A.~C C. and Seifert, F. and Sellers, D. and Sengupta, A.~S S. and Sergeev, A. and Shaddock, D.~A A. and Shaltev, M. and Shapiro, B. and Shawhan, P. and Shoemaker, D.~H H. and Sibley, A. and Siemens, X. and Sigg, D. and Singer, A. and Singer, L. and Sintes, A.~M M. and Skelton, G. and Slagmolen, B.~J.~J J. J. and Slutsky, J. and Smith, R.~J.~E J. E. and Smith, J.~R R. and Smith, M.~R R. and Smith, N.~D D. and Somiya, K. and Sorazu, B. and Soto, J. and Speirits, F.~C C. and Stein, A.~J J. and Steinert, E. and Steinlechner, J. and Steinlechner, S. and Steplewski, S. and Stefszky, M. and Stochino, A. and Stone, R. and Strain, K.~A A. and Strigin, S. and Stroeer, A.~S S. and Stuver, A.~L L. and Summerscales, T.~Z Z. and Sung, M. and Susmithan, S. and Sutton, P.~J J. and Talukder, D. and Tanner, D.~B B. and Tarabrin, S.~P P. and Taylor, J.~R R. and Taylor, R. and Thomas, P. and Thorne, K.~A A. and Thorne, K.~S S. and Thrane, Eric and Thüring, A. and Titsler, C. and Tokmakov, K. V. and Torres, C. and Torrie, C.~I I. and VanVeggel, A. A. and Traylor, G. and Trias, M. and Tseng, K. and Ugolini, D. and Urbanek, K. and Vahlbruch, H. and Vallisneri, M. and Vass, S. and Vaulin, R. and Vecchio, A. and Veitch, J. and Veitch, P.~J J. and Veltkamp, C. and Ligo, Sci Collaboration and Villar, A.~E E. and Vitale, S. and Vorvick, C. and Vyatchanin, S.~P P. and Wade, A. and Waldman, S.~J J. and Wallace, L. and Wan, Y. and Wanner, A. and Wang, X. and Wang, Z. and Ward, R.~L L. and Wei, P. and Weinert, M. and Weinstein, A.~J J. and Weiss, R. and Wen, Linqing and Wen, S. and Wessels, P. and West, M. and Whitcomb, S.~E E. and Westphal, T. and Wette, K. and Whelan, J.~T T. and White, D. and Whiting, B.~F F. and Wilkinson, C. and Willems, P.~A A. and Williams, H.~R R. and Williams, L. and Willke, B. and Winkelmann, L. and Winkler, W. and Wipf, C.~C C. and Wittel, H. and Wiseman, A.~G G. and Woan, G. and Wooley, R. and Worden, J. and Zhang, L. and Yablon, J. and Zhang, F. and Yakushin, I. and Yamamoto, K. and Zhang, W. and Yamamoto, H. and Van Veggel, A. A. and Yang, H. and Zhang, Z. and Yeaton Massey, D. and Ceron, E. Amador and Yoshida, S. and Yu, P. and Zanolin, M. and Zhao, Chunnong and Zhang, Zhongyang and Zotov, N. and Collaboration, Ligo Scientific and Zucker, M.~E E. and B ~P, Abbott and Zweizig, J. and Al, },
  doi = {10.1038/nphys2083},
  journal = {Nature Physics},
  month = {sep},
  pages = {962-965},
  title = {A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit},
  url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nphys2083.pdf},
  volume = {7},
  year = {2011}
}

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A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit

Journal article published in 2011 by Abbott T ~D, L. S. de la Jordana, I. di Palma, A.~A A. van Veggel, L. Á. Gergely, D. Debra, H. Mueller-Ebhardt, J. Poeld, J. Abadie, Z. Marka, C. Roever, A. Ruediger, M. Diaz, Benjamin P. Abbott, Eduardo Amador Ceron and other authors. Abbott T ~D, L. S. de la Jordana, I. di Palma, A.~A A. van Veggel, L. Á. Gergely, D. Debra, H. Mueller-Ebhardt, J. Poeld, J. Abadie, Z. Marka, C. Roever, A. Ruediger, M. Diaz, Benjamin P. Abbott, Eduardo Amador Ceron, Daniel Amariutei, Richard Abbott, Rupal S. Amin, Stuart B. Anderson, Thomas D. Abbott, Warren G. Anderson, Matthew Abernathy, Koji Arai

, Muzammil A. Arain, Carl Adams, Melody C. Araya, Rana Adhikari, Stuart M. Aston, Dani Atkinson, Christoph Affeldt, Peter Aufmuth, Carsten Aulbert, Graham S. Allen, Benjamin E. Aylott, Bruce Allen, Stanislav Babak, Paul Baker, Stefan Ballmer, David Barker, Bryan Barr, Pablo Barriga, Lisa Barsotti, Mark A. Barton, Imre Bartos, Riccardo Bassiri, Mikel Bastarrika, James Batch, Joran Bauchrowitz, Berit Behnke, Angus S. Bell, Ilya Belopolski, Matthew Benacquista, Jonathan M. Berliner, Alessandro Bertolini, M. Díaz, Joseph Betzwieser, Nicola Beveridge, Peter T. Beyersdorf, Igor A. Bilenko, GariLynn Billingsley, Jeremy Birch, R. Biswas, E. Black, J.~K K. Blackburn, L. Blackburn, David Blair, B. Bland, O. Bock, T.~P P. Bodiya, C. Bogan, R. Bondarescu, R. Bork, R. Conte, D. Cook, M. Born, T.~R R. Corbitt, S. Bose, M. Cordier, P.~R R. Brady, L. A. Gergely, N. Cornish, V.~B B. Braginsky, A. Corsi, J.~E E. Brau, C.~A A. Costa, J. Breyer, M. Coughlin, D.~M M. Coward, D.~O O. Bridges, P. Couvares, M. Brinkmann, M. Britzger, D.~C C. Coyne, A.~F F. Brooks, J.~D.~E D. E. Creighton

, D.~A A. Brown, T.~D D. Creighton, A. Brummitt, A.~M M. Cruise, A. Buonanno, A. Cumming, J. Burguet Castell, L. Cunningham, S.~L L. Danilishin, O. Burmeister, R.~M M. Cutler, I. DiPalma, R.~L L. Byer, K. Dahl, M. Díz, L. Cadonati, R. Dannenberg, J.~B B. Camp, Parameswaran Ajith, K. Danzmann, P. Campsie, B. Daudert, H. Daveloza, J. Cannizzo, G. Davies, K. Cannon, E.~J J. Daw, J. Cao, C.~D D. Capano, T. Dayanga, R. DeRosa, S. Caride, J. Degallaix, R. DeSalvo, S. Caudill, T. Dent, M. Cavagliá, V. Dergachev, C. Cepeda, T. Chalermsongsak, S. Dhurandhar, E. Chalkley, J. DiGuglielmo, P. Charlton, F. Donovan, S. Chelkowski, I. Gholami, K.~L L. Dooley, Y. Chen, S. Dorsher, N. Christensen, R.~W.~P W. P. Drever, H. Cho, J.~C C. Driggers, S.~S.~Y S. Y. Chua, Z. Du, Shin Kee Chung, Jean-Charles Dumas, C.~T.~Y T. Y. Chung, H. Luck, S. Dwyer, G. Ciani

, T. Eberle, F. Clara, M. Edgar, D.~E E. Clark, M. Edwards, J. Clark, A. Effler, P. Ehrens, J.~H H. Clayton, R. Engel, T. Etzel, K. Evans, M. Evans, T. Evans, M. Factourovich, S. Fairhurst, Yaohui Fan, B.~F F. Farr

, W. Farr, D. Fazi, H. Fehrmann, D. Feldbaum, L.~S S. Finn, R.~P P. Fisher, M. Flanigan, S. Foley, E. Forsi, N. Fotopoulos, M. Frede, M. Frei, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T.~T T. Fricke, D. Friedrich, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, P.~J J. Fulda, M. Fyffe, M.~R R. Ganija, J. Garcia, J.~A A. Garofoli, R. Geng, S. Ghosh, J.~A A. Giaime, S. Giampanis, A. Thuering, K.~D D. Giardina, C. Gill, E. Goetz, L.~M M. Goggin, G. González, M.~L L. Gorodetsky, S. Goßler, C. Graef, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, N. Gray

, R.~J.~S J. S. Greenhalgh, A.~M M. Gretarsson, R. Grosso, H. Grote, S. Grunewald, C. Guido, R. Gupta, E.~K K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, T. Ha, D.~M MacLeod, B. Hage, J.~M M. Hallam, D. Hammer, G. Hammond, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, J. Hanson, J. Harms, G.~M M. Harry, I.~W W. Harry, J. O’Dell, E.~D D. Harstad, M.~T T. Hartman, B. O’Reilly, K. Haughian, K. Hayama, J. Heefner, R. O’Shaughnessy, M.~C C. Heintze, M.~A A. Hendry, I.~S S. Heng, A.~W W. Heptonstall, V. Herrera, M. Hewitson, S. Hild, D. Hoak, K.~A A. Hodge, K. Holt, T. Hong, E.~J J. Howell

, S. Hooper, D.~J J. Hosken, J. Hough, B. Hughey, T. Huynh Dinh, S. Husa, S.~H H. Huttner, D.~R R. Ingram, R. Inta, T. Isogai, A. Ivanov, K. Izumi, M. Jacobson, H. Jang, W.~W W. Johnson, D.~I I. Jones, G. Jones, R. Jones, L. Ju, P. Kalmus, V. Kalogera, I. Kamaretsos, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J.~B B. Kanner, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, H. Kaufer, K. Kawabe, S. Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, W. Kells, D.~G G. Keppel, Z. Keresztes, A. Khalaidovski, F.~Y Y. Khalili, E.~A A. Khazanov, B. Kim, E. MacDonald, C. Kim, D. Kim, H. Kim, K. Kim, N. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, P.~J J. King, M. Kinsey, D.~L L. Kinzel, J.~S S. Kissel, M. Macinnis, S. Klimenko, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, R. Kopparapu, S. Koranda, W.~Z Z. Korth, D. Kozak, V. Kringel, S. Krishnamurthy, B. Krishnan, G. Kuehn, R. Kumar, P. Kwee, P.~K K. Lam

, M. Landry, M. Lang, B. Lantz, N. Lastzka, C. Lawrie, A. Lazzarini, P. Leaci, C.~H H. Lee

, H.~M M. Lee, N. Leindecker, J. Li, J.~R R. Leong, I. Leonor, P.~E E. Lindquist, N.~A A. Lockerbie, D. Lodhia, M. Lormand, J. Luan, M. Lubinski, A.~P P. Lundgren, H. Lück, S. Márka, B. Machenschalk, Z. Márka, A. Markosyan, M. Mageswaran, E. Maros, K. Mailand, I.~W W. Martin

, D. M. Macleod, I. Mandel, R.~M M. Martin, V. Mandic, J.~N N. Marx, K. Mason, A. Marandi, F. Matichard

, L. Matone, R.~A A. Matzner, N. Mavalvala, G. Mazzolo, R. McCarthy, D.~E E. McClelland, S.~C C. McGuire, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, D.~J.~A J. A. McKechan, G.~D D. Meadors, M. Mehmet, T. Meier, A. Melatos, A.~C C. Melissinos, G. Mendell, D. Menendez, R.~A A. Mercer, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, M.~S S. Meyer, Li Ju, H. Miao, J. Miller, V.~P P. Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, O. Miyakawa, B. Moe, P. Moesta, S.~D D. Mohanty, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, T. Mori, H. Muller-Ebhardt, K. Mossavi, C.~M M. Mow Lowry, C.~L L. Mueller, H. Müller Ebhardt, G. Mueller, S. Mukherjee, A. Mullavey, J. Munch, D. Murphy, P.~G G. Murray, A. Mytidis, T. Nash, R. Nawrodt, V. Necula, J. Nelson, G. Newton, A. Nishizawa, D. Nolting, L. Nuttall, J. O'Dell, B. O'Reilly, R. O'Shaughnessy, E. Ochsner, E. Oelker, J.~J J. Oh, S.~H H. Oh, G.~H H. Ogin, R.~G G. Oldenburg, C. Osthelder, C.~D D. Ott, D.~J J. Ottaway, R.~S S. Ottens, H. Overmier, B.~J J. Owen, A. Page, Szabolcs Marka

, Y. Pan, C. Pankow, M.~A A. Papa, P. Patel, M. Pedraza, P. Peiris, L. Pekowsky, S. Penn, C. Peralta, A. Perreca, M. Phelps, M. Pickenpack, I.~M M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, J. Pold, J. Pöld, H.~J J. Pletsch, L. Santamar\á, M. V. Plissi, F. Postiglione

, V. Predoi, L.~R R. Price, M. Prijatelj, M. Principe, S. Privitera, R. Prix, L. Prokhorov, O. Puncken, V. Quetschke, H. Lueck, F.~J J. Raab, H. Radkins, L. Sancho de la Jordana, P. Raffai, M. Rakhmanov, C.~R R. Ramet, B. Rankins, S.~R.~P R. P. Mohapatra, V. Raymond, K. Redwine, C.~M M. Reed, T. Reed, S. Reid, D.~H H. Reitze, R. Riesen, K. Riles, N.~A A. Robertson, C. Robinson, E.~L L. Robinson, S. Roddy, C. Rodriguez, M. Rodruck, J. Rollins, J.~D D. Romano, C. Röver, J.~H H. Romie, A. Rüdiger, C. Rover, S. Rowan, A. Rudiger, K. Ryan, H. Ryll, P. Sainathan, M. Sakosky, F. Salemi, A. Samblowski, L. Sammut, V. Sandberg, S. Sankar, L. De La Sancho Jordana, V. Sannibale, L. Santamaría, I. Santiago Prieto, G. Santostasi, B.~S S. Sathyaprakash, S. Sato, P.~R R. Saulson, R.~L L. Savage, R. Schilling, S. Schlamminger, R. Schnabel, R.~M.~S M. S. Schofield, B. Schulz, B.~F F. Schutz, P. Schwinberg, J. Scott

, S.~M M. Scott, A.~C C. Searle, F. Seifert, D. Sellers, A.~S S. Sengupta, A. Sergeev, D.~A A. Shaddock, M. Shaltev, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, D.~H H. Shoemaker, A. Sibley, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, A. Singer, L. Singer, A.~M M. Sintes, G. Skelton, B.~J.~J J. J. Slagmolen, J. Slutsky, R.~J.~E J. E. Smith, J.~R R. Smith, M.~R R. Smith

, N.~D D. Smith, K. Somiya, B. Sorazu, J. Soto, F.~C C. Speirits, A.~J J. Stein, E. Steinert, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, S. Steplewski, M. Stefszky, A. Stochino, R. Stone, K.~A A. Strain

, S. Strigin, A.~S S. Stroeer, A.~L L. Stuver, T.~Z Z. Summerscales, M. Sung, S. Susmithan, P.~J J. Sutton, D. Talukder, D.~B B. Tanner

, S.~P P. Tarabrin, J.~R R. Taylor, R. Taylor, P. Thomas, K.~A A. Thorne, K.~S S. Thorne, Eric Thrane, A. Thüring, C. Titsler, K. V. Tokmakov

, C. Torres, C.~I I. Torrie, A. A. VanVeggel, G. Traylor, M. Trias, K. Tseng, D. Ugolini, K. Urbanek, H. Vahlbruch, M. Vallisneri, S. Vass, R. Vaulin, A. Vecchio, J. Veitch, P.~J J. Veitch, C. Veltkamp, Sci Collaboration Ligo, A.~E E. Villar, S. Vitale, C. Vorvick, S.~P P. Vyatchanin, A. Wade, S.~J J. Waldman, L. Wallace, Y. Wan, A. Wanner, X. Wang, Z. Wang, R.~L L. Ward, P. Wei, M. Weinert, A.~J J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, Linqing Wen, S. Wen, P. Wessels, M. West, S.~E E. Whitcomb, T. Westphal, K. Wette, J.~T T. Whelan, D. White, B.~F F. Whiting, C. Wilkinson, P.~A A. Willems, H.~R R. Williams, L. Williams, B. Willke

, L. Winkelmann, W. Winkler, C.~C C. Wipf, H. Wittel, A.~G G. Wiseman, G. Woan

, R. Wooley, J. Worden, L. Zhang, J. Yablon, F. Zhang, I. Yakushin, K. Yamamoto, W. Zhang, H. Yamamoto, A. A. Van Veggel, H. Yang, Z. Zhang, D. Yeaton Massey, E. Amador Ceron, S. Yoshida, P. Yu, M. Zanolin, Chunnong Zhao, Zhongyang Zhang, N. Zotov, Ligo Scientific Collaboration, M.~E E. Zucker, Abbott B ~P, J. Zweizig, Al

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Abstract

Around the globe several observatories are seeking the first direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs). These waves are predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity and are generated, for example, by black-hole binary systems. Present GW detectors are Michelson-type kilometre-scale laser interferometers measuring the distance changes between mirrors suspended in vacuum. The sensitivity of these detectors at frequencies above several hundred hertz is limited by the vacuum (zero-point) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. A quantum technology - the injection of squeezed light - offers a solution to this problem. Here we demonstrate the squeezed-light enhancement of GEO 600, which will be the GW observatory operated by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in its search for GWs for the next 3-4 years. GEO 600 now operates with its best ever sensitivity, which proves the usefulness of quantum entanglement and the qualification of squeezed light as a key technology for future GW astronomy.

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A gravitational wave observatory operating beyond the quantum shot-noise limit

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