Our purpose was to noninvasively assess formation of the microvasculature, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier formation of prenatal X-ray-induced CNS abnormalities using quantitative MRI. Eight pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups consisting of control and X-irradiated animals. After birth, 20 neonatal male rats were divided into four groups of five rats. To evaluate the development of the BBB, changes in T(1) induced by Gd-DTPA were compared quantitatively in normal and prenatally irradiated animals in the formative period 1 to 2 weeks after birth. To assess the abnormalities of the microvasculature, quantitative perfusion MRI and MR angiography were also used. Histology was also performed to evaluate the BBB (albumin) and vascular endothelial cells (laminin). Decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and angioarchitectonic abnormalities were observed in the prenatally irradiated rats. However, abnormalities of the BBB and blood-CSF barrier were not observed using Gd-enhanced MRI and albumin staining. Quantitative perfusion MRI, MR angiography and Gd-enhanced T(1) mapping are useful for assessing CNS disturbance after prenatal exposure to radiation. These techniques provide important diagnostic information for assessing the condition of patients during the early stages of life after accidental or unavoidable prenatal exposure to radiation.