AbstractTo explore the relationship of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and subsequent glaucoma incidence. Patients with SLE were defined as those newly diagnosed by International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code 710.0 in at least 3 outpatient visits or 1 hospitalization during 2000–2012 by using the National Health Insurance Research Database. We selected a non‐SLE comparison cohort at a 1:1 ratio by propensity score matching on age, gender, index date, comorbidities and medications. We identified outcome as the incident glaucoma in patients with SLE. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) in 2 groups. Kaplan‐ Meier analysis was performed to estimate the cumulative incidence rate between both groups. There were 1743 patients who were included in the SLE group and non‐SLE group. The aHR of glaucoma was 1.56 (95% CI = 1.03–2.36) in the SLE group, compared to non‐SLE controls. Subgroup analysis showed that SLE patients present greater risk of glaucoma, especially in males (aHR = 3.76; 95% CI, 1.5–9.42), and the P for interaction between gender and risk of glaucoma was 0.026. This cohort study showed that patients with SLE have 1.56‐fold risk of glaucoma development. Gender acted as an effect modifier between SLE and the risk of new‐onset glaucoma.